Molybdenum reserves in the earth less the weight of its contents only 0.001% of the crust, the total reserves of molybdenum of about 15 million tons, mainly in the United States, China, Chile, Russia, Canada and other countries. China has proven reserves of 1.72 million tons of molybdenum, based on reserves of 3.43 million tons, second only to the U.S. door to second in the world. Molybdenum concentrated in Shaanxi, Henan, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. The world's metal reserves of 50 million tons of molybdenum ore six large, China's Henan Luanchuan, Montenegro and Shaanxi, Jilin three Jinduicheng Molybdenum Mine top the popular list.

        Molybdenum rich resources for our development of molybdenum smelting and processing, and vigorously promoting the application of molybdenum, which provides the favorable conditions and a solid foundation.

        Molybdenum and tungsten as a Refractory Metals. The melting point of molybdenum 2620 ℃, as strong binding force between atoms, so at room temperature and high temperature strength is high. Its expansion coefficient, conductivity, large, good thermal conductivity. Not at room temperature with hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid and alkali solution reaction, only soluble in nitric acid, aqua regia or concentrated sulfuric acid among the most liquid metals, non-metallic slag and molten glass is also very stable.

        Therefore, molybdenum and its alloys in metallurgy, agriculture, electrical, chemical, aerospace, and other important departments of environmental protection and has a wide application and good prospects to become an important raw material for the national economy and irreplaceable strategic material.
                
        Second, molybdenum mining usage in China

        In recent years, molybdenum mining, smelting and processing have been developed rapidly.

        According to information on the 2001 actual production of molybdenum concentrate in China 72,000 tons, 33,000 tons molybdenum oxide, molybdenum iron 7,600 tons, 9,500 tons various molybdate, Mo, Mo 1183 tons, 1200 tons of molybdenum slabs, 150 tons of molybdenum plate, molybdenum Wafer 40 tons, molybdenum and other profiled products head about 50 tons, electric light industry and mechanical processing of molybdenum wire 3.15 billion meters, as well as lubricants, catalysts, pigments and other hundreds of tons of chemical products.

        Moreover, molybdenum market in China in the world play a vital role, according to customs statistics, China's exports in 2001 molybdenite calcine, molybdate, molybdenum iron and other molybdenum products as much as 70,274 tons, earning up to 262 million U.S. dollars.

        Consumption patterns of molybdenum trioxide-based industrial, about 70%, iron about 20% molybdenum, molybdenum and molybdenum chemicals 5% each. The ratio of their areas of application and probably as follows: iron and steel smelting consumption of about 80% (of which about 43% of alloy steel, stainless steel is about 23%, tool steel, and about 8% of high-speed steel, cast iron and roll is about 6%), chemicals products account for about 10%, metal products, consumption of about 6% molybdenum, high temperature and high strength alloys and special alloys about 3%, and other molybdenum products, about 1%. Clear from the steel industry's development of molybdenum consumption played a decisive role, but with the development of science and technology, molybdenum and other areas in the application of high technology will continue to expand and develop.

        Iron and steel industry

        According to the world molybdenum consumption statistics, molybdenum application in the steel industry still holds a major position. Molybdenum as alloying elements in steel can enhance the strength of steel, especially high-temperature strength and toughness; raise steel in acid solution and the liquid metal in the corrosion resistance; to improve the wear resistance of steel and to improve hardenability, weldability and heat resistance. The formation of molybdenum carbide is a good element, not in the process of oxidation of steel can be used alone can also be used in conjunction with other alloying elements. Mo special steel consumption growth in the volume of regular, special steel per ton of molybdenum present consumption level has reached 0.201 kg.

        Molybdenum and chromium, nickel, manganese and silicon can produce different types of stainless steel, tool steel, high-speed steel and alloy steel. Are made of stainless steel has good corrosion resistance, can be used for anti-corrosion steel pipe oil, an increase of about 6% molybdenum stainless steel can be replaced by titanium for desalination plant, ocean vessels, offshore oil and natural gas pipelines. Such stainless steel shell can also be used in cars, sewage treatment equipment. Molybdenum tool steel with tungsten tool efficiency is twice as good performance, low cost and light weight. Molybdenum high speed steel with carbide heterogeneity, wear, toughness, high temperature plastic strong advantages for the manufacture of molding tools. Molybdenum alloy steel structural components used in the manufacture machine tools, industrial vehicles and earth moving equipment. In the rolling state has fine pearlite containing molybdenum alloy steel, rail and bridge construction is an important steel.

        Molybdenum as an alloy of iron additive to help form a fully pearlitic matrix, can improve strength and toughness of cast iron to improve the uniform of the large cast, but also can increase the heat treatment of castings may quench. Gray cast iron with molybdenum has a good wear resistance, the gate can be used for heavy vehicles such as wheel and brake pads.

        Electronic and Electrical

        Molybdenum has good conductivity and high temperature performance, especially with the glass thermal expansion coefficient very similar, widely used in the manufacture of spiral bulb filament wire, lead, hook, bracket, side rods and other components to do in the tube in the gate pole and the anode material. Mo used in large integrated circuits in the gate metal oxide semiconductor, to integrated circuits can be installed in the molybdenum eliminate the "double-metal effect." Mo thin seamless pipe (about 15μm) can be used as high-definition TV picture tube anode support, this TV's image scan lines up to 1125, than the average TV 2 times. Mo wafer can also be power transistors and silicon rectifier heat shield and heat sink substrate.

        In the modern electronics industry, in addition to the use of pure molybdenum addition, Mo-Re alloy tubes can be used for structural materials and specialty bulbs, Mo-50Re and TZM alloy can also be used for high power microwave and millimeter-wave tube thermionic cathode tube in structural elements, The operating temperature can reach 1200 ℃, current density up to 10 amps / cm 2. As the Lead of the pure molybdenum wire recrystallization temperature is low, the high temperature embrittlement prone, affecting life in recent years, it was developed to add Si, k and C and other elements to enhance the recrystallization temperature, to produce "high-temperature molybdenum wire. " Molybdenum production process to take in the rare earth element yttrium, cerium, lanthanum, etc., more effectively improve the recrystallization temperature, to overcome the material at high temperature embrittlement problems. Containing 0.1-0.3% zirconium, 0.1% molybdenum wire scandium, nitrogen treatment at 1200 ℃ to Sc dispersed throughout the alloy to that of molybdenum wire tensile strength at 20 ℃ up to 1,400 megapascals.

        The rapid development of industrial molds, so EDM universal application of molybdenum wire is an ideal WEDM wire electrodes can be all kinds of steel and carbide cutting and processing the shape of extremely complex parts, the electrical discharge machining stability, can effectively improve the accuracy of the mold.

        These are the two most widely used molybdenum wire used, light bulb manufacturing industry and the rise of manufacturing molds made of molybdenum wire of production and consumption by leaps and bounds. According to the China Lighting Association, the national production in 2001 to 3.15 billion m Mo Sida, actual production is estimated to reach 40 billion meters, consumes nearly 800 tonnes of Mo, Mo, their number is very considerable. One line of cutting production of molybdenum wire more than 2 billion meters, accounting for more than half of the total molybdenum wire, its market prospects are very optimistic.

        Tungsten - copper alloy widely used false EDM cutting tool electrode, however, research in recent years to replace the tungsten for molybdenum electrodes, the results show that the tungsten and molybdenum-based electrode with copper (≤ 50% weight) and change the content of the corrosion resistance is different. Mechanical load in the heating pulse and pulse are present, the corrosion resistance depends primarily on brittle fracture of this process, Mo Yan - brittle transition temperature lower than tungsten, so brittle small, strong corrosion resistance. Molybdenum - copper, molybdenum - silver false alloy has good resistance to erosion and conductivity, can be used as air switches, pressure switches and contactor contacts. Mo - Cu composite films of copper in the body of a continuous large number of discrete entrainment of molybdenum particles, microstructure uniformity, good thermal conductivity and wear thick electrical conductivity can be used for metal cores used in multilayer printed circuit boards.

        Recently, also developed the changing color of molybdenum trioxide, a material change in the bright light, color, and can be easily restored, can be used in optical storage devices and computer for multiple copying material.

        Agricultural fertilizer

        Molybdenum is essential in plants, "trace elements", one of about 0.5ppm of plant dry weight of about is indispensable and irreplaceable. In recent years, extensive domestic and international use of ammonium as a trace element fertilizers can significantly improve the bean plants, grass and other crop quality and yield. This is mainly molybdenum can promote biological nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium and other fixed nitrogen in air and nitrogen into plant-available for further protein. Mo can enhance plant uptake of phosphorus and its role in plants. Mo can accelerate the formation of carbohydrates in plants and transformation and improve the chlorophyll content and stability, improve the vitamin C content. Moreover, molybdenum also improve plant cold tolerance and drought resistance.

        Characteristics of Molybdenum is less, effective, low cost, is to improve the agricultural production of soybean harvest in particular, an important measure. Mo widely used in agriculture, China's molybdenum production plant for waste water, waste and the utilization of low grade ore, has opened up a new way.

        Car spraying

        The melting point of molybdenum up 2620 ℃, and good high temperature performance and corrosion resistance, molybdenum and steel combined with strong, which is the major auto parts production thermal spray materials. Auto parts commonly used molybdenum wire HVOF, spray gun produces high-temperature gas mixture injection gas combustion devices, specially designed combustion chamber and the gas jet mixing chamber, so that complete melting molybdenum wire in front, very high speed spray in the workpiece On the surface, spray density of molybdenum over 99%, combined with strength close to 10 kg / mm 2. This process can effectively improve the wear resistance by grinding, also provides a porous surface can be impregnated with lubricants. It is widely used in automobile industry to improve the piston ring, ring, fork and other components subject to wear performance, but also to repair worn crankshaft, roller, shaft and other mechanical parts. Spray molybdenum wire, according to information on the European market, annual sales of up to 1,000 tons, the U.S. consumption is 600 tons per year or so, Japan consumes each year 30-40 tonnes of molybdenum, molybdenum wire coating market capacity in China is still less than 30 tons per year. But with the development of China's automobile industry, automotive gears and other parts of the thermal spraying will have greater development and spraying molybdenum wire will significantly increase sales.

        High-temperature components

        Molybdenum high purity, high temperature, low vapor pressure characteristics, so often used to make high-temperature furnace heating elements and structural materials. Molybdenum and tungsten carbide in the production process, most of the way by producing molybdenum Continuous Twisted heat reduction furnace and sintering furnace, part of the continuous sintered iron molybdenum rod was also used for heating element heated row, row heated molybdenum to molybdenum rod hook hanging on both sides of the stove. Such furnaces generally reducing atmosphere or a non-oxidizing atmosphere, hydrogen and decomposition of ammonia in the molybdenum wire can be used to nearly the melting point, the nitrogen can be used to 2000 ℃. Higher than 1700 ℃ using, we can use a higher recrystallization temperature, strength and better TZM alloy or moly alloy for heater. Molybdenum in molten quartz has very good ablation resistance, in the glass melting industry for power electrodes, each ton of glass electrode lost only 7.8 grams of molybdenum, the useful life of more than a year. In addition to electrodes, the molybdenum is also used for glass melting temperature structural materials, such as the slot, tube, crucible, and export of rare earth smelting flow stirring rod. Molybdenum on behalf of the platinum in the use of glass fiber furnace works well, greatly reducing production costs. Newly developed nuclear fuel sintering furnace with molybdenum heating network, with ф0.8mm molybdenum wire mesh woven into three-phase heater temperature up to 1800-2000 ℃. In addition, molybdenum and its alloys also can be used for hot isostatic pressing furnace frame, insulation, sintering and coating of the material steam boat, SmCo magnets and uranium dioxide sintered plate, thermocouple and protective cover tubes.

        Molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2) is a very common application of heating element materials with high temperature oxidation resistance, excellent corrosion resistance and high melting point and other characteristics. Its oxidation resistance is due to heating of the gas-tight glass surface film, so that from oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide damage, in the 1700-2000 º K temperature molybdenum disilicide heating can work two, three years . But poor mechanical properties of molybdenum silicide applications, if the addition of SiC in the molybdenum silicide to form a composite material, this material will diffuse into the SiC matrix of molybdenum disilicide, the formation of molybdenum atoms and silicon atoms with two-metal compounds , its high temperature strength of molybdenum disilicide monomer than 8 times higher, so prospects are so popular.

        Oil

        Low-lying areas in the development of sour gas, oil and development of undersea oil and gas fields, not only produced a large number of H2S gas, as well as sea erosion, so that drilling pipe curing crisp, rapid corrosion. Use of high strength stainless steel tube with molybdenum can effectively resist the corrosive H2S gas and water, significant savings in steel, reduce the cost of oil and gas well drilling.

        Molybdenum can be applied not only to oil and gas drilling pipes, often with the drill, the combination of nickel catalysts for oil refining pretreatment, mainly oil, petrochemical products and liquefied coal desulfurization. Processing in the hydrogen sulfide on the catalyst surface with hydrogen and sulfur ions to form hydrogen sulfide removed, while eliminating nitrogen and metallic impurities in crude oil to reduce these impurities in the oil refining catalyst poison to other, improve the product color, odor, and improve its stability. Molybdenum catalysts after passivation layer of carbon residue on the surface, if burned carbon layer, the catalyst can resume its active state, life for 1-5 years. Molybdenum in petroleum cracking and plays an important role in restructuring, is an ideal electron donor and the carrier.

        Environmental Protection

        There is a growing aware, molybdenum in the control of environmental pollution plays an important role, with a large number of molybdenum stainless steel applications, greatly reducing the corrosion caused by the impact on the environment; addition of Molybdenum and its compounds generally are not toxic, Li Yong safer to replace toxic metals molybdenum, molybdenum is also a major contribution to the human environment. In the paint and pigment industry can replace toxic chromium molybdenum, lead, titanium and other metals, and is effective coloring agent; in chemical preservatives in the industry to replace chromium and flame retardant materials, materials in the smoke antimony; Mo water treatment industry also has potential applications, mainly in the open and closed loop cooling system for inhibiting corrosion in cooling water treatment, in the open-circuit cooling tower in the second liter of coolant sodium molybdate 10 mg Closed Cooling water conditioning devices up to 150 milligrams per liter, sodium molybdate as automobile antifreeze and cooling systems, and the amount of cutting fluid preservatives are also increasing. Mo was also proposed to improve the soil in the glass, simplifying the treatment of high polluted soils, reduce soil pollution.

        Aviation and nuclear industry

        Molybdenum alloys due to excellent heat resistance and high temperature mechanical properties, can be used for aircraft engine and the combustion chamber flame director, Aerospace Liquid rocket engine pipes, nozzles and valves, to return to the end of the first aircraft, satellites and spacecraft skin, ship-oriented films and wing and protective coating materials, molybdenum low coefficient of thermal expansion and thermal conductivity properties, in strong light under the action of solar radiation particularly good dimensional stability, metal molybdenum mesh Zuocheng satellite antenna, can be maintained parabolic shape of its total, while lighter than graphite composite antenna. Cruise missiles using molybdenum coating for steam turbine rotor material, high temperature at 1300 ℃ to work up to 4-6 million per minute speed turn, has shown good results.

        Mo neutron absorption cross section is small, has good strength, good stability of the nuclear fuel, liquid metal corrosion resistance is good, in nuclear fusion reactors for converters armored protection film components. Mo-Re alloy can be used in space nuclear reactors thermionic energy converter sheath materials, heaters, reflectors and other wire or sheet metal components.

        Molybdenum alloy and Mo is an efficient multi-alloying elements can not only add in the steel shows a unique role, but also generate good performance with a variety of non-ferrous alloys.

        Add in the Mo Ti, Zr, C oxides or carbides, the formation of dispersion strengthened alloy TZM. In addition to TZM alloy used in aerospace and nuclear industries, also can be used for X-ray rotating anode parts, die casting molds and extrusion dies, the copper alloy extrusion, its operating temperature at 870-1200 ℃. TZM alloy is also very suitable for the stainless steel hot piercing head, perforated steel wall of good quality and long life. TEM alloy a small amount of rare earth elements have a higher recrystallization temperature recrystallization of molybdenum when the ductile material than 5 times normal, there are good prospects.

        Titanium, zirconium and carbon molybdenum alloy (MT-104), containing hafnium and carbon molybdenum alloy (HCM) and tungsten, hafnium and carbon molybdenum alloy (HMW) have a higher intensity, can be processed into rods, plates, forging stock, and other products come in handy. Mo-30w is a solid solution alloy, the melting point to above 2800 ℃, as in the zinc smelting molten metal valve and shaft, fuel purification and plating equipment piping, stirring shaft, impeller pumps. In tungsten heavy alloy (90W-7Ni-3Fe) adding a certain amount of molybdenum, its strength and hardness increased with the molybdenum content, the ductility is lowered continuously, can greatly improve the performance of materials as armor-piercing weapons.
        Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) and tungsten carbide mixture, adding the appropriate lanthanum powder, sintered into hard materials, broken by the rough after adding a certain amount of nickel carbide produced by the usual method of bonding phase distribution obtained good dense and granular molybdenum carbide based hard metal. Metal binder with Co or Ni, can also generate complex molybdenum - tungsten carbide based cemented carbide. Molybdenum carbide can be added to the metal-ceramic in order to improve its performance.

        Molybdenum chemical products

        Molybdenum and chromium, co-deposition of aluminum salts can be generated chromium molybdenum red pigment, molybdenum ion and the metal surface of iron ions to form insoluble Fe2 (MoO4) 3, so that the metal surface passivation to achieve the effect of rust. Clarification of its color change from light to light red color, with strong coverage, and the bright color, mainly used in paints, plastics, rubber, ink, automotive and marine coatings and other fields. Zinc, calcium and sodium molybdate as a corrosion-resistant paint, because without affecting the environment and human health of lead and a universal concern.

        Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a good solid lubricant, in industrial applications play an important role. It has a very low coefficient of friction (0.03-0.06), high yield strength (3.45MPa), can at high temperature (350 ℃) and a variety of ultra-low temperature conditions of use, even under vacuum conditions at 1200 ℃ to work, in particular, mechanical parts in high-speed operation has a very good lubrication. Therefore the steam turbine, gas turbine, metal roll, gear, die, automotive and aerospace equipment widely used.

        After decades of arduous efforts, China molybdenum mining, smelting and processing techniques have made great progress in the application and promotion of molybdenum also achieved gratifying results, but with the world advanced level we still feel inadequate. We should make full use of China's molybdenum resources, from mining, smelting production to processing to establish a rational layout, vigorously carry out the deep processing of molybdenum products. To establish a high quality production technology and scientific research, and vigorously promote the new equipment, new technology, enhance research and molybdenum development of new products, in particular, to strengthen the application of molybdenum to expand market capacity, to focus on scientific research institutions and Shengchan technical forces of enterprise, set up a special Jigou, rapidly changing the scientific research achievements into productive forces, guiding market consumption, Kuo Tai exports, make China has become a truly great production of molybdenum Guo, consumer great country and export power